透明是指研究人員和研究機構應該確保他人能清楚瞭解研究，包括所蒐集的資料或數據、採行的研究方法、獲得的結果，以及外部利益相關者所扮演的角色等。為求透明，研究人員和研究機構應以負責任的態度，透過合宜的管道去分享和交流研究的進展或成果。任何與利益衝突相關的事項也應適當地揭露和管理，或於必要時加以去除。

Transparency means, among other things, ensuring that it is clear to others what data the research was based on, how the data were obtained, what and how results were achieved and what role was played by external stakeholders. If parts of the research or data are not to be made public, the researcher must provide a good account of why this is not possible. It must be evident, at least to peers, how the research was conducted and what the various phases of the research process were. At the very least, this means that the line of reasoning must be clear and that the steps in the research process must be verifiable.

臺灣研究誠信守則起草委員會（2020）。臺灣研究誠信守則。台灣聯合大學系統。https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rSa1ZTdfyjf8aD646ISOfnkUzs11CqeN/view

Netherlands Code ofConduct for Research Integrity. (2018). https://www.nwo.nl/sites/nwo/files/documents/Netherlands%2BCode
%2Bof%2BConduct%2Bfor%2BResearch%2BIntegrity_2018_UK.pdf

• 原則上「單字中英文釋義」欄位的內容皆採用原文引用（即未經改寫），僅少部分內容有經微幅文字編輯。若欲對釋義內容有更深入的瞭解，敬請參考「資料來源」欄位所提供之原始出處的完整內容。
• 資料來源無編號：代表釋義內容出自同一筆來源。
• 資料來源有項目符號：代表釋義內容是引用多筆來源合寫而成。
• 資料來源有編號：代表該來源是相同編號之釋義內容的原始出處。