William Russell與Rex Burch在1954年提出動物實驗的3R原則(Refinement, Reduction, Replacement),包含替代(Replacement)、減少/減量(Reduction)、調整/精緻化(Refinement)。目前世界各國的動物實驗管理與法規,都有納入3R原則,以求對動物盡最大的照顧責任(Franco, 2013)。
In 1959, W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch published a practical strategy of replacement, refinement, and reduction—referred to as the Three Rs—for researchers to apply when considering experimental design in laboratory animal research. Over the years, the Three Rs have become an internationally accepted approach for researchers to apply when deciding to use animals in research and in designing humane animal research studies.
National Research Council (US) Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. (2011). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 8th edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).
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