以人類為受試者的研究,涉及許多倫理與法律問題,而獲得受試者的「知情同意」則為一關鍵的過程。美國1978年公布之「貝爾蒙報告書:保護研究中人類受試者之倫理原則與準則(Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research)」,闡明「知情同意」的倫理基礎在於「尊重人格(respect for persons)」原則,其所包含的兩種倫理意涵為:「人應該被視為「自主的個體(autonomous agents)」來對待以及自主性較低的個人(如未成年者、精神病患等)應該受到保護。」依據此原則,研究中的知情同意要求讓有決定能力的受試者,在充分獲得並了解研究相關資訊的前提下,不受脅迫或他人影響而做出是否參與研究的決定。
- The process of making a free and informed decision (such as to participate in research). Individuals who provide informed consent must be legally competent and have enough decision-making capacity to consent to research. Research regulations specify the types of information that must be disclosed to the subject.
- Agreement to take part in research based on clear and detailed information about the research.