世界醫學會(World Medical Association, WMA)在紐倫堡醫師大審後,體認到有必要制訂一個範圍更廣、更清楚的規範,於是在1964年世界醫師會大會(WMA General Assembly)上通過了《赫爾辛基宣言》。此宣言並不定時於大會進行討論與更新,截至目前已歷經九次修訂,最新版本為2024年。相較於《紐倫堡守則》,《赫爾辛基宣言》的適用範圍較廣,同時涵蓋「臨床研究」(clinical research)與「非臨床之生物醫學研究」(non-clinical biomedical research)。(編按:更多關於《赫爾辛基宣言》的說明,請參考「資料來源」所列之文獻。)
- The World Medical Association (WMA) has developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data.
- Ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects adopted by the World Medical Association.