研究者必須盡可能地做到不傷害，包括把預期利益最大化，風險最小化。在履行不傷害的準則時，研究者必須評估研究過程中之風險及預期利益（包括受試者所渴望獲得的利益、研究過程中所預期產生的知識發展，以及研究成果在科學上的價值）的性質及範圍。

1. The ethical obligation to do good and avoid causing harm.
2. Persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence. The term “beneficence” is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation. In this document, beneficence is understood in a stronger sense, as an obligation. Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in this sense: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms.

1. 蔡甫昌（2021）。受試者保護原則與實務〔線上課程〕。臺灣學術倫理教育資源中心。 http://ethics.moe.edu.tw/
   
2. Resnik, D. B. (2015). Glossary of commonly used terms in research ethics. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/glossary/index.cfm
3. The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. U.S. Government Printing Office.  https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html

• 原則上「單字中英文釋義」欄位的內容皆採用原文引用（即未經改寫），僅少部分內容有經微幅文字編輯。若欲對釋義內容有更深入的瞭解，敬請參考「資料來源」欄位所提供之原始出處的完整內容。
• 資料來源無編號：代表釋義內容出自同一筆來源。
• 資料來源有項目符號：代表釋義內容是引用多筆來源合寫而成。
• 資料來源有編號：代表該來源是相同編號之釋義內容的原始出處。