重複使用自己先前已發表過的文字，如片語、文句或段落，卻沒有（或未充分且適當地）自我引用。

1. The omission of cross-citation to their own previous publications.
2. Text recycling is the reuse of textual material (prose, visuals, or equations) in a new document where (1) the material in the new document is identical to that of the source (or substantively equivalent in both form and content), (2) the material is not presented in the new document as a quotation (via quotation marks or block indentation), and (3) at least one author of the new document is also an author of the prior document.

1. 周倩、潘璿安（2020）。學術寫作之新倫理議題「自我抄襲」：內涵演進、真實案例、現行規範與預防之道。圖書資訊學刊，18（2），43–72。 http://doi.org/10.6182/jlis.202012_18(2).043
   
2. European Network for Academic Integrity. (2018).Glossary for academic integrity: Revised version. European Network forAcademic Integrity. https://www.academicintegrity.eu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/EN-Glossary_revised_final_24.02.23.pdf
3. Text Recycling Research Project. (2020). What is text recycling? [Web log post]. https://textrecycling.org/what-is-text-recycling/

• 原則上「單字中英文釋義」欄位的內容皆採用原文引用（即未經改寫），僅少部分內容有經微幅文字編輯。若欲對釋義內容有更深入的瞭解，敬請參考「資料來源」欄位所提供之原始出處的完整內容。
• 資料來源無編號：代表釋義內容出自同一筆來源。
• 資料來源有項目符號：代表釋義內容是引用多筆來源合寫而成。
• 資料來源有編號：代表該來源是相同編號之釋義內容的原始出處。