在美國National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering與Institute of Medicine所出版之Responsible science ─ Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process一書中，曾定義 QRP 為「違反傳統研究界的傳統價值，而且對研究過程有害的舉止」（...actions that violate traditional values of the research enterprise and that may be detrimental to the research process）。雖然有別於 FFP，但是危害卻不見得比較小。Steneck（2006）另將QRP分為三類：虛假陳述（misrepresentation，例如虛假的履歷、不當作者定義、誇大研究原創性等）、不準確（inaccuracy，例如引註不當、研究敘述不夠詳細精準、誤用統計等）、偏見（bias，例如不夠客觀、誇大統計顯著性、沒有揭露資助方等）。

Research practices that are regarded by many as unethical but are not considered to be research misconduct. Duplicate publication and Honorary authorship are considered by many to be QRPs.

1. 中文釋義出處：周倩（2020）。什麼是「有問題的研究行為」（Questionable Research Practice, QRP）？科技部研究誠信電子報，43，2–16。https://www.nstc.gov.tw/nstc/attachments/a2eef68b-a00b-4edf-86ca-86b5b8b08138?
   
2. 釋義中引用的文獻：National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. (1992). Responsible science ─ Ensuring the integrity of the research process: Volume I. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/1864
3. 釋義中引用的文獻：Steneck, N. H. (2006). Fostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12, 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00022268
4. Resnik, D. B. (2015). Glossary of commonly used terms in research ethics. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/glossary/index.cfm

• 原則上「單字中英文釋義」欄位的內容皆採用原文引用（即未經改寫），僅少部分內容有經微幅文字編輯。若欲對釋義內容有更深入的瞭解，敬請參考「資料來源」欄位所提供之原始出處的完整內容。
• 資料來源無編號：代表釋義內容出自同一筆來源。
• 資料來源有項目符號：代表釋義內容是引用多筆來源合寫而成。
• 資料來源有編號：代表該來源是相同編號之釋義內容的原始出處。