在美國National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering與Institute of Medicine所出版之Responsible science ─ Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process一書中，曾定義 QRP 為「違反傳統研究界的傳統價值，而且對研究過程有害的舉止」（...actions that violate traditional values of the research enterprise and that may be detrimental to the research process）。雖然有別於 FFP，但是危害卻不見得比較小。Steneck（2006）另將QRP分為三類：虛假陳述（misrepresentation，例如虛假的履歷、不當作者定義、誇大研究原創性等）、不準確（inaccuracy，例如引註不當、研究敘述不夠詳細精準、誤用統計等）、偏見（bias，例如不夠客觀、誇大統計顯著性、沒有揭露資助方等）。

Research practices that are regarded by many as unethical but are not considered to be research misconduct. Duplicate publication and Honorary authorship are considered by many to be QRPs.

• 中文釋義出處：周倩（2020）。什麼是「有問題的研究行為」（Questionable Research Practice, QRP）？科技部研究誠信電子報，43，2–16。https://www.most.gov.tw/most/attachments/a2eef68b-a00b-4edf-86ca-86b5b8b08138?
• 釋義中引用的文獻：National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. (1992). Responsible science ─ Ensuring the integrity of the research process: Volume I. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/1864
• 釋義中引用的文獻：Steneck, N. H. (2006). Fostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12, 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00022268

Resnik, D. B. (2015). Glossary of commonly used terms in research ethics. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/glossary/index.cfm

• 原則上「單字中英文釋義」欄位的內容皆採用原文引用（即未經改寫），僅少部分內容有經微幅文字編輯。若欲對釋義內容有更深入的瞭解，敬請參考「資料來源」欄位所提供之原始出處的完整內容。
• 資料來源無編號：代表釋義內容出自同一筆來源。
• 資料來源有項目符號：代表釋義內容是引用多筆來源合寫而成。
• 資料來源有編號：代表該來源是相同編號之釋義內容的原始出處。